The book "Blockchain and AI in Cyber Physical System (CPS)" explores the intersection of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and cyber physical systems (CPS). It discusses how these technologies can be integrated to create secure and efficient CPS solutions. The book covers various topics, including the basics of blockchain and AI, their applications in CPS, and the challenges of integrating these technologies. It also explores real-world examples of how blockchain and AI are being used in CPS, such as in smart cities, transportation systems, and healthcare. The authors delve into the technical aspects of how blockchain and AI can be used together to enhance CPS security, data privacy, and interoperability. They also discuss the potential benefits and limitations of these technologies and provide insights into the future of CPS. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the use of blockchain and AI in CPS, making it a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and students in the fields of computer science, engineering, and cybersecurity.

With the evolution of technology and sudden growth in the number of smart vehicles, traditional Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) face several technical challenges in deployment and management due to less flexibility, scalability, poor connectivity, and inadequate intelligence. VANETs have raised increasing attention from both academic research and industrial aspects resulting from their important role in driving assistant system. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks focuses on recent advanced technologies and applications that address network protocol design, low latency networking, context-aware interaction, energy efficiency, resource management, security, human-robot interaction, assistive technology and robots, application development, and integration of multiple systems that support Vehicular Networks and smart interactions. Simulation is a key tool for the design and evaluation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) that take advantage of communication-capable vehicles in order to provide valuable safety, traffic management, and infotainment services. It is widely recognized that simulation results are only significant when realistic models are considered within the simulation tool chain. However, quite often research works on the subject are based on simplistic models unable to capture the unique characteristics of vehicular communication networks. The support that different simulation tools offer for such models is discussed, as well as the steps that must be undertaken to fine-tune the model parameters in order to gather realistic results. Moreover, the book provides handy hints and references to help determine the most appropriate tools and models. This book will promote best simulation practices in order to obtain accurate results.

Features Provide a state-of-the-art description of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular status of the understanding of abiotic stress in plants. Addressing factors that are threatening future food production and providing potential solutions of these factors. Design to cater to the needs of those students engaged in the field of environmental sciences, soil sciences, agricultural microbiology, plant pathology, and agronomy. New strategies have pointed in this book for the better crop productivity and yield. Understanding of new techniques pointed out in this book will open the possibility of genetic engineering in crop plants with the concomitant improved stress tolerance.

There are many current threats to the citrus industry, this is a timely effort to publish a book covering recent challenges and progress to their approaches to improve conditions. This book is useful to researchers, academicians, scientists to enhance and boost their knowledge for further research on citrus. There are few reviews and books dealing with various aspects of citrus industry. Existing publications are over 10 years old and do not have recent updated knowledge of citrus industry. Global appeal - Citrus is mainly produced commercially in 140 countries, primary producers are Brazil, China, United States, and Mexico.

This book provides insights into recent developments in the use of mulching in agroecosystems with emphasis on the major pros and cons. Increase in human population, climatic changes and agricultural intensification have put enormous pressure on soil and water resources. As a result, we are confronted with challenges to enhance nutrient and water use efficiencies and conserve soil organic matter without compromising crop yields and food security. Increasing the soil organic matter (SOM) via residue return increased nutrient availability and soil physical and biological properties. Management practices, such as straw mulching or incorporation, have significant effects on soil health. Straw addition also increases functionality related to carbon and N metabolism via increasing the microbes and thus greatly contributes to CO2 and N2O emissions. However, the co-use of organic and inorganic fertilizer reduces the N2O emission without compromising crop yield. Mulching has long been advocated to conserve soil moisture and increase the efficiency of macro- and micro-nutrients by improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. These effects of mulch are translated into better crop yields while improving soil health and quality in the long run. Therefore, the use of mulching techniques is on the rise in organic as well as conventional agriculture. The book is of great interest for researchers, academics, agriculture extensionists, soil and plant scientist, fertilizer industry, farmers, agro-industrial workers, farm managers, NGOs, and climate and civil society activists.

Biomedical Engineering Tools for Management of Patients with COVID-19 presents biomedical engineering tools under research (and in development) that can be used for the management of COVID-19 patients, along with BME tools in the global environment that curtail and prevent the spread of the virus. BME tools covered in the book include new disinfectants and sterilization equipment, testing devices for rapid and accurate COVID-19 diagnosis, Internet of Things applications in COVID-19 hospitals, analytics, Data Science and statistical modeling applied to COVID-19 tracking, Smart City instruments and applications, and more. Later sections discuss smart tools in telemedicine and e-health. Biomedical engineering tools can provide engineers, computer scientists, clinicians and other policymakers with solutions for managing patient treatment, applying data analysis techniques, and applying tools to help the general population curtail spread of the virus.

The work presented concerns the preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from amoxycillin, cephalexin, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and salicylalde-hyde and pyridoxal. In these complexes an amino group available in the drug substances was allowed to react with salicylaldehyde and pyridoxal hydrochloride, separately, to obtain Schiff bases which were, subsequently, reacted with Cu(CH3COO)2. H2O and/or Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O to form Schiff base metal complexes. The ligands and the complexes were characterized by microanalytical, thermogravimetric, magnetic and spectroscopic data. The geometry of the Zn(II) complexes appears to be simple square-pyramidal or octahedral. All the compounds under investigation possess antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity showed the following trend: Cu(II)-complexes > Zn(II)-complexes > Schiff base ligands > parent xxvi drugs. The Cu(II)-complexes with the Schiff bases derived from cephalexin showed substantially enhanced activity against P. aeruginosa as compared with the parent drug.

The dog amongst all the animals has proved to be the man's best friend and faithful companion because of its fidelity, loyalty, obedience and pleasant disposition. Dogs appeared on the earth about 20 million years ago (Sharma et al., 1993). The dog's stomach is a sac-like structure designed to store large volumes of food and begin the digestive process. Once eaten, most food leaves the stomach within twelve hours after entering. The esophagus carries food to the stomach, where it enters via a valve-like structure called the cardiac sphincter. On the interior surface of the stomach is a series of folds called gastric folds. These folds function to help grind and digest food. The inner stomach lining secretes acids and enzymes to break food down as the initial step in the digestive process. Once the initial stomach digestive process is complete, the partially digested food exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter area and then enters the duodenum (small intestine).

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological control of sugarcane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen) with an egg parasite Trichogramma chilonis in sugarcane crop. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments i.e. (T1; 30,000eggs/acre, T2; 40,000eggs/acre, T3; 50,000, T4; 60,000 eggs per acre and T5; Control) having three replications each. Experiment was conducted at Chack No.109 G.B. near Jaranwala, District Faisalabad, Punjab. Data regarding mean infestation was recorded at the same time from the control plot and from the biologically treated plots at fortnightly intervals starting from July 15, 2005 to October 15, 2005. The results revealed that the infestation of sugarcane stem borer was reduced up to 84% when Trichogramma chilonis eggs were applied at the rate of 60,000 eggs per acre. So it is concluded that Trichogramma chilonis (Egg parasitized) can successfully be used for the suppression of sugarcane stem borer.

Digital Electronics compact notes provide a clear and comprehensive understanding on digital fundamental such as analog and digital signals, number systems, digital codes, logic gates, boolean algebras, Karnaugh map, combinational logic circuit design, MSI circuits, latches, flip-flops, counters, registers, semiconductor memories and integrated circuit technology. Figures and diagrams are included to assist reader's in analysing and understanding the subject. Several examples throughout the text have been prepared with selected working solutions

Tracking System has great importance in intelligent system and has a wide scope. Enormous researches are going to make such systems that are more reliable and accurate. The theory of our project is to trace the path of a smart flying object. Therefore, in order to trace the flying path, we will be using high speed CCTV cameras interfaced with PC and captures the real time video of the flying object and continuously transmit to the PC where video is processed for recognition in MATLAB's image processing tool box. After image processing, the centroid of the object is plotted. This plot will be used to target and lock the motors circuitry to that object. The path followed by a smart flying object (For e.g. A Bee) during its normal flight is probabilistically random. A bee can take any place in the 3-D space which is not deterministic by an independent observer at all. The main theme of the project is to track the real time movement of the object using Image Processing Techniques as a tool for recognition of that object which in turn will be used to target and lock the camera to that object.

Depletion of natural forests in mountainous areas of Pakistan is one of the most serious environmental issues. Despite being the implementation of numerous development and extension projects to protect and develop forests, the rate of forest depletion is still very high in Pakistan. The failure of forest related projects in meeting their intended objectives calls for investigating the causes of the ineffectiveness of these projects. Thus, the study aimed to analyse the stakeholders' roles and interactions viz., implementing agencies, donor agencies, implementing collaborates and beneficiaries of forest related projects. The objectives were: 1) to identify major stakeholders at multiple levels in the context of forest related development projects; 2) to assess the perceptions of stakeholders regarding poverty environment nexus; 3) to identify the interactions among different organizations and actors in terms of activities and institutions; 4) to asses sphere of influence of involved stakeholders and the objectives pursued by them with regard to poverty and to environment.

The present investigations were made effect the effect of NPK application in different proportions on the growth and yield of two maize varieties (Zea Mays L.). The research was conducted on a sandy loam soil at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with a net plot size of 3X5m. Different levels of NPK were 0-0-0 (F0), 100-50-35 (F1), 175-80-60 (F2), and 250- 110-85 (F3) kg per ha. Two maize varieties, Golden (V1) and Sultan (V2) were used as source of trial. The crop was sown on well prepared seed bed keeping R X R distance 60 cm and P X P distance at 23 cm. The whole of the phosphorus and potash along with half of nitrogen fertilizers in form of DAP, Sulphate of potash and Urea respectively, were applied at sowing and the remaining amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied at tasseling stage of the plant. All other cultural practices were kept normal and uniform in all the treatments. The data on desired parameters were collected by using standard procedures.

Agriculture plays a key role in the economy of Pakistan with its share nearly one-fourth to GDP. The growth of production in agriculture largely depends on the transfer of technology to the farming community. The present study was designed to determine the effectiveness of public sector extension after decentralization in district Muzaffargarh. For this purpose all the extension staff working in the Department of Agricultural Extension served as study respondents. The data were collected with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule.

The study was conducted on bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) in mango orchards of Punjab Pakistan. It was found that the Chaunsa' cultivar was the most susceptible to mango mealybug followed by 'Fajri', 'Langra' and 'Black Chaunsa, whereas 'Dusehri' was resistant. Irrigation was the major source of flare up of the pest as viewed by the majority of the respondents. The practices like hoeing, ploughing, irrigation, removal of weeds, grease bands and insecticides were adapted by the respondents with variable results. With chemical analysis maximum carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar 'Chaunsa' (susceptible to the pest), whereas minimum carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar 'Tukhmi' resistant to the pest. The maximum decrease in number of fruits was recorded 11 percent on cultivar 'Anwar Ratul', whereas 'Langra' cultivar showed minimum decrease in number of fruits i.e., 3 percent over untreated trees.

The study was conducted to determine the optimum protein level for laying hens during its third production cycle ad its effects on the production performance and egg quality. 36 White Leghorn single comb commercial layers of Euribred strains of uniform body weight were randomly selected. The birds were divided into 9 experimental units randomly. Each unit contained four birds. Moult was induced by 10 days fasting and three days water deprivation, followed by feeding crushed maize grains for 25 days on skip a day basis. 3 isocaloric rations containing 15.5, 17.0 and 18.5% crude protein were allotted to the birds randomly so that each treatment contains 3 replicates & fed for eight weeks to hens during their post moult egg production period. Data on egg production, feed consumption and body weight of hens were collected and physical characteristics of eggs (weight, shell thickness, haugh unit valve, yolk index, blood and meat spots) and chemical analysis of egg albumen with respect to protein contents, amino acid profile, macro minerals (Na, K, Ca, CI) and micro mineral (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) of egg albumen as well as yolk were determined during this period.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food grain crop grown in the world. It ranks first in the world cereal crops accounting for 30% of all cereal food worldwide and is a staple food for over 10 billion people in as many as 43 countries of the world. It provides about 20% of the total food calories for the human race (S.R. Reddy 2004). It is also a significant source of carbohydrates and nutrition both for human beings and animals. Its straw constitute an essential part of livestock feed as well as for paper making. Due to its immense and multipurpose use in daily life, the Prosperity and well being of pakistan depends upon good harvest of wheat. In view of the importance of the irrigation and nitrogen for crop production present study is planned with the following objectives. 1. To determine the optimum water and nitrogen requirement of the wheat crop. 2. To identify the growth stages in wheat more sensitive to water deficit conditions. 3. To determine the effect of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen on growths, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and yield of wheat.

Globally, Pakistan is the 4th largest milk producing country contributing about Rs.540 billion per annum to the national economy.Buffaloes(30.8 million)and cattle (34.3 million) are the principal dairy animals contributing about 65 and 30% respectively towards national milk supply.More than 70 % dairy animals are owned by farmers having herd size of 1-10 animals.They produce more than 80% of market milk supply.The demand for livestock products is likely to increase due to increasing human population growth, urbanization and increase in the per capita income in country.Animals productivity is far below than their actual genetic potential chiefly due to poor husbandry of dairy animals, limited health coverage, limited small farmers access to credit facilities etc. Rural communities in general and small farmers particularly suffer the most, getting low return from their farms produce.Moreover, escalating inflation in the country has further exaggerated the situation, therefore the present project was planned focusing small farmers.

Petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas, it consist of several units which have great importance such as Heat exchanger trains, Pre flash tower, Crude distillation tower and Vacuum distillation.It is important to size and design distillation tower properly and expertly to get desire products of petroleum with their required specifications. This report work is divided in to seven chapters. First three chapters discuss about introduction, history and main process which are carried out in refinery. Chapter four discuss important factors which have sound impact on distillation operation, chapter five discusses about the Designing of crude distillation tower for 6000 BPSD production. Chapter six and seven Discuss about selection of necessary equipments used in fuel refinery such as pumps, heat exchangers, valves etc. And lastly the utilities require for plant operation.

The Energy Charter Treaty is a multilateral teaty providing legal/regulatory framework enabling trade, transit and efficiency in energy products, materials and services. The Energy Charter Treaty envisages energy market restructuring and provides legal safeguards to investment, transit and trade of energy sources including oil, gas, coal, uranium, electricity and renewable energy among the participating states. The importance of ECT increases with the level of export and import dependence of each participating states as is the case of most of Asian countries. Ever increasing membership of ECT indicates its effectiveness for protection of investment and facilitation of trade and transit across borders. In a nutshell,the ECT has developed into an international organization carrying considerable weight in facilitiation of international energy trade and resolution of energy trade disputes.

History tells that every human being desire to foresee, comprehend and ultimately explore the future. Multi-step ahead forecasting is a challenging research area due to propagation of forecasting errors with the increase of forecasting steps. Two interesting architectures based on nearest neighbor method are proposed. Importance of selection criteria in nearest neighbor search plays an important role in multi-step ahead forecasting. Effect of up-sampling of time series and change of effective embedding dimension on the forecasting errors is studied in detail. Effect of five interpolation schemes for up-sampling and comparison of three distance metrics for nearest neighbor search on forecasting performance is also included. A hybrid selection criterion of nearest neighbor with avoidance of biasing is found to be very effective in multi-step ahead forecasting. In the end, predictability analysis of proposed algorithms on ten benchmark time series highlight the effectiveness of the forecasting algorithms in the scenarios of series collected from different kinds of dynamic systems. This book is based on the PhD work of Mr. Rahat Abbas.